PhilPapers Survey 2020

r: 0.5	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	89	80
Reject	46	501

n: 716

p < 0.0001

r: 0.45	God: theism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	167	134
Reject	147	1083

n: 1531

p < 0.0001

r: -0.44	Abortion: permissible
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	120	91
Reject	726	70

n: 1007

p < 0.0001

r: -0.43	Mind: physicalism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	64	228
Reject	791	383

n: 1466

p < 0.0001

r: 0.4	Consciousness: dualism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	100	70
Reject	120	565

n: 855

p < 0.0001

r: -0.39	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	72	191
Reject	662	341

n: 1266

p < 0.0001

r: -0.35	Other minds: future AI systems
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	167
Reject	360	413

n: 976

p < 0.0001

r: 0.32	Meaning of life: objective
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	190	90
Reject	337	686

n: 1303

p < 0.0001

r: -0.32	Practical reason: Humean
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	17	153
Reject	233	354

n: 757

p < 0.0001

r: 0.32	Morality: non-naturalism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	106	83
Reject	154	554

n: 897

p < 0.0001

r: -0.3	Temporal ontology: eternalism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	34	116
Reject	243	235

n: 628

p < 0.0001

r: 0.3	Temporal ontology: presentism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	56	95
Reject	71	406

n: 628

p < 0.0001

r: 0.27	Time: A-theory
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	113	84
Reject	178	553

n: 928

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Human genetic engineering: permissible
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	85	92
Reject	550	177

n: 904

p < 0.0001

r: 0.27	Personal identity: further-fact view
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	96	158
Reject	136	873

n: 1263

p < 0.0001

r: 0.27	Principle of sufficient reason: true
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	113	79
Reject	203	443

n: 838

p < 0.0001

r: 0.27	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	274	36
Reject	741	444

n: 1495

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Law: legal positivism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	26	91
Reject	203	234

n: 554

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Consciousness: functionalism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	26	143
Reject	294	394

n: 857

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Causation: primitive
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	64	97
Reject	107	492

n: 760

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	89
Reject	147	479

n: 797

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Mind uploading: survival
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	22	161
Reject	239	432

n: 854

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Abstract objects: Platonism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	183	92
Reject	408	676

n: 1359

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Chinese room: understands
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	11	181
Reject	163	529

n: 884

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Personal identity: psychological view
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	88	171
Reject	575	440

n: 1274

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Knowledge: empiricism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	98	154
Reject	615	382

n: 1249

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Time travel: metaphysically possible
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	61	124
Reject	322	330

n: 837

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Aesthetic value: objective
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	212	84
Reject	482	625

n: 1403

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Cosmological fine-tuning: no fine-tuning
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	17	151
Reject	150	395

n: 713

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Normative ethics: consequentialism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	234
Reject	454	681

n: 1421

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Truth: deflationary
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	247
Reject	340	766

n: 1388

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Hard problem of consciousness: yes
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	157	33
Reject	439	274

n: 903

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Practical reason: Aristotelian
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	105	65
Reject	212	375

n: 757

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Laws of nature: Humean
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	233
Reject	394	688

n: 1369

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Truth: correspondence
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	220	64
Reject	582	525

n: 1391

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Arguments for theism: cosmological
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	78	107
Reject	128	488

n: 801

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Gender: biological
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	139	138
Reject	304	770

n: 1351

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Cosmological fine-tuning: brute fact
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	34	136
Reject	214	332

n: 716

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Grounds of intentionality: primitive
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	39	91
Reject	53	433

n: 616

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Well-being: objective list
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	136	38
Reject	355	287

n: 816

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Immortality: yes
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	129	74
Reject	343	429

n: 975

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Material composition: restrictivism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	62	44
Reject	133	222

n: 461

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Propositional attitudes: phenomenal
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	127
Reject	34	492

n: 671

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Meaning of life: subjective
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	198
Reject	460	565

n: 1305

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	268	40
Reject	812	331

n: 1451

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Gender categories: preserve
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	62	114
Reject	125	540

n: 841

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Units of selection: genes
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	73
Reject	241	199

n: 553

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Hume: skeptic
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	83	79
Reject	212	385

n: 759

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Zombies: metaphysically possible
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	109	174
Reject	266	798

n: 1347

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Gender: social
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	163	115
Reject	799	289

n: 1366

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Aim of philosophy: wisdom
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	148	156
Reject	356	781

n: 1441

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Causation: counterfactual/difference-making
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	115
Reject	266	339

n: 769

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Normative ethics: virtue ethics
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	170	120
Reject	423	709

n: 1422

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Political philosophy: libertarianism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	181
Reject	130	863

n: 1243

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Justification: coherentism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	146
Reject	191	436

n: 797

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Politics: capitalism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	89	88
Reject	223	460

n: 860

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	34	94
Reject	206	283

n: 617

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	80	47
Reject	184	289

n: 600

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Material composition: universalism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	82
Reject	129	226

n: 461

p: 0.0007

r: -0.16	Properties: nonexistent
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	12	149
Reject	47	437

n: 645

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Political philosophy: egalitarianism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	93	161
Reject	543	447

n: 1244

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Philosophical methods: empirical philosophy
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	170	135
Reject	808	401

n: 1514

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Footbridge: push
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	38	253
Reject	328	801

n: 1420

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Morality: constructivism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	30	160
Reject	169	542

n: 901

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Meaning of life: nonexistent
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	246
Reject	225	790

n: 1288

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Properties: classes
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	12	148
Reject	72	414

n: 646

p: 0.0002

r: -0.15	Belief or credence: credence
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	108
Reject	196	342

n: 679

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: multiverse
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	17	153
Reject	101	446

n: 717

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Well-being: desire satisfaction
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	150
Reject	150	493

n: 817

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Analysis of knowledge: no analysis
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	146
Reject	248	461

n: 899

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Teletransporter: survival
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	68	181
Reject	451	561

n: 1261

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Trolley problem: switch
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	181	89
Reject	866	244

n: 1380

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Propositions: simple entities
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	25	124
Reject	30	497

n: 676

p: 0.0002

r: 0.14	Arguments for theism: moral
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	144
Reject	49	563

n: 796

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Knowledge claims: invariantism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	106	163
Reject	251	760

n: 1280

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Quantum mechanics: epistemic
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	81
Reject	46	335

n: 485

p: 0.0021

r: -0.14	Philosophical methods: conceptual engineering
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	95	210
Reject	547	662

n: 1514

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Theory of reference: descriptive
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	89
Reject	132	457

n: 727

p: 0.0002

r: 0.13	Vagueness: metaphysical
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	78	181
Reject	202	791

n: 1252

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Consciousness: identity theory
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	16	154
Reject	112	573

n: 855

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Extended mind: yes
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	75	93
Reject	381	292

n: 841

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Philosophical methods: experimental philosophy
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	223
Reject	447	762

n: 1514

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Grounds of intentionality: phenomenal
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	26	103
Reject	57	429

n: 615

p: 0.0012

r: -0.13	Well-being: hedonism/experientialism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	158
Reject	101	541

n: 814

p: 0.0002

r: 0.13	Epistemic justification: internalism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	144	134
Reject	401	694

n: 1373

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	28	98
Reject	161	311

n: 598

p: 0.0019

r: -0.13	Zombies: conceivable but not metaphysically possible
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	100	183
Reject	464	603

n: 1350

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Race: social
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	164	120
Reject	803	294

n: 1381

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Belief or credence: belief
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	63	78
Reject	162	376

n: 679

p: 0.0012

r: 0.12	Response to external-world skepticism: dogmatist
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	126
Reject	83	544

n: 793

p: 0.0005

r: 0.12	Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	242	66
Reject	766	421

n: 1495

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Normative concepts: ought
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	115
Reject	70	472

n: 697

p: 0.0013

r: -0.12	Propositions: nonexistent
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	19	131
Reject	96	428

n: 674

p: 0.0025

r: -0.12	Experience machine: yes
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	265
Reject	182	983

n: 1448

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Quantum mechanics: many-worlds
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	11	94
Reject	93	288

n: 486

p: 0.0109

r: 0.12	Interlevel metaphysics: grounding
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	55	78
Reject	160	313

n: 606

p: 0.0046

r: 0.11	Properties: transcendent universals
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	108
Reject	91	395

n: 646

p: 0.0034

r: -0.11	Morality: naturalist realism
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	59	132
Reject	254	458

n: 903

p: 0.0007

r: 0.11	A priori knowledge: yes
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	270	46
Reject	921	302

n: 1539

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Grounds of intentionality: interpretational
Free will: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	118
Reject	89	401

n: 617

p: 0.0078

r: 0.31	Philosopher: Aquinas
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	41	204
Reject	11	913

n: 1169

p < 0.0001

r: 0.28	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	76	242
Reject	56	1218

n: 1592

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Philosopher: Hume
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	7	238
Reject	204	720

n: 1169

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Philosopher: Reid
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	21	224
Reject	11	913

n: 1169

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	AOS: Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	27	291
Reject	18	1256

n: 1592

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Philosopher: Augustine
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	14	231
Reject	8	916

n: 1169

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Philosopher: Kierkegaard
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	13	232
Reject	7	917

n: 1169

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	AOS: Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	13	305
Reject	138	1136

n: 1592

p < 0.0001

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Anscombe
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	17	228
Reject	20	904

n: 1169

p: 0.0009

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Husserl
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	12	233
Reject	16	908

n: 1169

p: 0.0014

r: -0.09	Tradition: Analytic
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	245	63
Reject	1099	164

n: 1571

p: 0.0005

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Heidegger
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	12	233
Reject	15	909

n: 1169

p: 0.0042

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Locke
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	12	233
Reject	19	905

n: 1169

p: 0.0045

r: 0.08	Region of nationality: United States
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	176	117
Reject	609	597

n: 1499

p: 0.0015

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Lewis
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	13	232
Reject	97	827

n: 1169

p: 0.006

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Moore
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	14	231
Reject	25	899

n: 1169

p: 0.0063

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Plato
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	23	222
Reject	42	882

n: 1169

p: 0.0063

r: -0.08	Region of affiliation: Oceania
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	6	324
Reject	78	1213

n: 1621

p: 0.0015

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Aristotle
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	63	182
Reject	161	763

n: 1169

p: 0.0095

r: 0.07	AOS: Continental Philosophy
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	24	294
Reject	56	1218

n: 1592

p: 0.0045

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Quine
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	10	235
Reject	86	838

n: 1169

p: 0.0157

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Sartre
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	6	239
Reject	4	920

n: 1169

p: 0.0183

r: -0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Social Science
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	5	313
Reject	49	1225

n: 1592

p: 0.0067

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Berkeley
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	5	240
Reject	7	917

n: 1169

p: 0.0219

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Davidson
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	5	240
Reject	34	890

n: 1169

p: 0.0332

r: 0.06	Region of affiliation: United States
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	211	119
Reject	710	581

n: 1621

p: 0.0123

r: 0.06	Tradition: Continental
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	25	283
Reject	63	1200

n: 1571

p: 0.0142

r: -0.06	Gender: female
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	46	279
Reject	273	992

n: 1590

p: 0.0169

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Frege
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	11	234
Reject	78	846

n: 1169

p: 0.0456

r: -0.06	Region of affiliation: Canada
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	16	314
Reject	97	1194

n: 1621

p: 0.0187

r: 0.06	Tradition: Other tradition
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	38	270
Reject	101	1162

n: 1571

p: 0.0211

r: 0.06	AOS: Metaphysics
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	90	228
Reject	256	1018

n: 1592

p: 0.0225

r: -0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Language
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	36	282
Reject	226	1048

n: 1592

p: 0.0265

r: -0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Mind
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	55	263
Reject	277	997

n: 1592

p: 0.0271

r: 0.05	Gender: male
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	276	49
Reject	987	278

n: 1590

p: 0.0347

r: -0.05	AOS: General Philosophy of Science
Free will: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	26	292
Reject	154	1120

n: 1592

p: 0.0393

Survey Results

Correlations

Strongest correlations with philosophical questions

Strongest correlations with demographic questions